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Manuel Castells Oliván (Spanish: [kasˈtels], Catalan: [kəsˈteʎs]; born 9 February 1942) is a Spanish sociologist especially associated with research on the information society, communication and globalization.

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The 2000–2014 research survey of the Social Sciences Citation Index ranks him as the world's fifth most-cited social science scholar, and the foremost-cited communication scholar.^[1]

He was awarded the 2012 Holberg Prize,^[2] for having 'shaped our understanding of the political dynamics of urban and global economies in the network society.'^[3] In 2013 he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Sociology.

Life[edit]

Manuel Castells was raised primarily in La Mancha but he moved to Barcelona, where he studied Law and Economics. From a conservative family, Castells says:

My parents were very good parents. It was a conservative family — very strongly conservative family. But I would say that the main thing that shaped my character besides my parents was the fact that I grew up in fascist Spain. It's difficult for people of the younger generation to realize what that means, even for the Spanish younger generation. You had actually to resist the whole environment, and to be yourself, you had to fight and to politicize yourself from the age of fifteen or sixteen'.^[4]

Castells was politically active in the student anti-Franco movement, an adolescent political activism that forced him to flee Spain for France. In Paris, at the age of 20, he completed his degree studies, then progressed to the University of Paris, where he earned a doctorate in sociology. At the age of twenty-four, Castells became an instructor in several Parisian universities from 1967 to 1979; first at the Paris X University Nanterre (where he taught Daniel Cohn-Bendit), which fired him because of the 1968 student protests, then at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, from 1970 to 1979.

In 1979, the University of California, Berkeley appointed him as professor of sociology, and professor of city and regional planning. In 2001, he was a research professor at the UOC-Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia), Barcelona. In 2003, he joined the University of Southern California (USC) Annenberg School for Communication, as a professor of communication and the first Wallis Annenberg-endowed Chair of Communication and Technology.^[5] Castells is a founding member of the USC Center on Public Diplomacy, and a senior member of the diplomacy center's Faculty Advisory Council; and is a member of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication. Castells divides his residence between Spain and the US; he is married to Emma Kiselyova. Since 2008 he has been a member of the governing board of the European Institute of Innovation and Technology.

Work[edit]

The sociological work of Manuel Castells synthesises empirical research literature with combinations of urban sociology, organization studies, internet studies, social movements, sociology of culture, and political economy. About the origins of the network society, he posits that changes to the network form of enterprise predate the electronic internet technologies (usually) associated with network organization forms (cf. Organization theory (Castells)). Moreover, he coined the (academic) term 'The Fourth World', denoting the sub-population(s) socially excluded from the global society; usual usage denotes the nomadic, pastoral, and hunter-gatherer ways of life beyond the contemporary industrial society norm.

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Castells maintains that the Information Age can 'unleash the power of the mind',^[6] which would dramatically increase the productivity of individuals and lead to greater leisure, allowing individuals to achieve 'greater spiritual depth and more environmental consciousness'.^[6] Such change would be positive, he argues, in that it would cause resource consumption to decrease. The Information Age, The Age of Consumption, and The Network Society are all perspectives attempting to describe modern life as known in the present and to depict the future of society. As Castells suggests, contemporary society may be described as 'replacing the antiquated metaphor of the machine with that of the network'.^{[citation needed]}

Manuel Castells Internet Galaxy

In the 1970s, following the path of Alain Touraine (his intellectual father),^[7] Castells was a key developer of the variety of Marxist urban sociology that emphasises the role of social movements in the conflictive transformation of the city (cf. post-industrial society).^[8] He introduced the concept of 'collective consumption' (public transport, public housing, etc.) comprehending a wide range of social struggles—displaced from the economic stratum to the political stratum via state intervention. Transcending Marxist structures in the early 1980s, he concentrated upon the role of new technologies in the restructuring of an economy. In 1989, he introduced the concept of the 'space of flows', the material and immaterial components of global information networks used for the real-time, long-distance co-ordination of the economy. In the 1990s, he combined his two research strands in The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, published as a trilogy, The Rise of the Network Society (1996), The Power of Identity (1997), and End of Millennium (1998); two years later, its worldwide, favourable critical acceptance in university seminars, prompted publication of a second (2000) edition that is 40 per cent different from the first (1996) edition.^[9]

The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture comprehends three sociological dimensions—production, power, and experience—stressing that the organisation of the economy, of the state and its institutions, and the ways that people create meaning in their lives through collective action, are irreducible sources of social dynamics—that must be understood as both discrete and inter-related entities. Moreover, he became an established cybernetic culture theoretician with his Internet development analysis stressing the roles of the state (military and academic), social movements (computer hackers and social activists), and business, in shaping the economic infrastructure according to their (conflicting) interests. The Information Age trilogy is his précis: 'Our societies are increasingly structured around the bipolar opposition of the Net and the Self';^[10] the 'Net' denotes the network organisations replacing vertically integrated hierarchies as the dominant form of social organization, the Self denotes the practices a person uses in reaffirming social identity and meaning in a continually changing cultural landscape.

Publications[edit]

Manuel Castells is one of the world's most often-cited social science and communications scholars.^[11][12] He has written more than twenty books, including:

• The Urban Question. A Marxist Approach (Alan Sheridan, translator). London, Edward Arnold (1977) (Original publication in French, 1972)
• City, Class and Power. London; New York, MacMillan; St. Martins Press (1978)
• The Economic Crisis and American Society. Princeton, NJ, Princeton UP (1980)
• The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley: University of California Press (1983)
• The Informational City: Information Technology, Economic Restructuring, and the Urban Regional Process. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell (1989)
• Technopoles of the World : The Making of 21st Century Industrial Complexes. London, New York: Routledge (1994)
• The Information Age trilogy:

1. Castells, Manuel (1996). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. I. Cambridge, Massachusetts; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN978-0-631-22140-1.
2. Castells, Manuel (1997). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. II. Cambridge, Massachusetts; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN978-1-4051-0713-6.
3. Castells, Manuel (1998). End of Millennium, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture Vol. III. Cambridge, Massachusetts; Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN978-0-631-22139-5.

• The Internet Galaxy, Reflections on the Internet, Business and Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press (2001)
• The Information Society and the Welfare State: The Finnish Model. Oxford UP, Oxford (2002) (co-author, Pekka Himanen )
• The Network Society: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar (2004), (editor and co-author), ISBN978-1-84542-435-0.
• The Network Society: From Knowledge to Policy. Washington, DC, Center for Transatlantic Relations (2006) (co-editor)
• Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective. Cambridge, Massachusetts, MIT Press (2006) (co-author)
• Communication power. Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press (2009) ISBN978-0-19-956704-1
• Aftermath: the cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (2012) ISBN978-0-19-965841-1
• Networks of Outrage and Hope. Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Polity Press (2012) ISBN978-0-74-566284-8

Selected journal articles

• Social Uses of Wireless Communications: The Mobile Information Society, co-author of the paper for the International Workshop on Wireless Communication Policies and Prospects: A Global Perspective, USC, 8–9 October 2004.
• Castells, M (2007) Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication 1(1): 238-66.
• Arsenault, A, and Castells, M. 2008. The structure and dynamics of global multimedia business networks. International Journal of Communication 2707-48.
• Arsenault, A & Castells, M. (2008) Switching power: Rupert Murdoch and the global business of media politics: A sociological analysis. International Sociology 23(4): 488.

References[edit]

1. ^'Relative Ranking of a Selected Pool of Leading Scholars in the Social Sciences by Number of Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2014'(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
2. ^'Manuel Castells mottok Holbergprisen for 2012'. Regjeringen.no.
3. ^'Manuel Castells'. holbergprisen.no.
4. ^Harry Kreisler, Manuel Castells, Conversations with History: Manuel Castells (video interview, 9 May 2001), Berkeley, CA: University of California Television (UCTV), 2001, 1min26sec.
5. ^'Endowed Faculty Chairs'. USC Annenberg.
6. ^ ^abStrangelove, Michael (2005). The Empire of Mind: Digital Piracy and the anti-capitalist movement. Toronto, On, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 8.
7. ^Castells and Ince 2003, pp. 11–12
8. ^Castells and Ince 2003, p. 12
9. ^Castells and Ince 2003, p. 20
10. ^Castells, The Rise of the Network Society (1996) p. 3
11. ^Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2007
12. ^Citations in the Social Science Citation Index, 2000-2007 (living scholars only)

Further reading[edit]

• Susser, Ida. The Castells Reader on Cities and Social Theory. Oxford, Blackwell (2002)
• Castells, Manuel; Ince, Martin. Conversations with Manuel Castells. Oxford, Polity Press (2003)
• Stalder, Felix. Manuel Castells and the Theory of the Network Society. Oxford, Polity Press (2006)
• Howard, Phillip: Castells and the Media. Cambridge, Polity Press (2011)

External links[edit]

• Webpage of Castells at UC Berkeley (Professor Emeritus listing)
• Website devoted to his work, made by Open University of Catalonia
• Conference on his actual researches on massive social movements involved in the Arab Springs and the Occupy Movements.
• International Journal of Communication Academic journal co-founded by Castells, established in 2007
• Manuel Castells' World of Communication, a Manuel Castells exclusive monthly article in Media Coolhunting.
• Audio: Manuel Castells in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programmeThe Forum
• Video Stream: Manuel Castells March 2010 at USC Annenberg, International Seminar on Network Theory on YouTube

The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society is a book by Manuel Castells, Professor of Sociology and Professor of City and Regional Planning at the University of California. It was published by Oxford University Press in 2001. The title is a reference to The Gutenberg Galaxy, a 1962 book by Marshall McLuhan. It is regarded as a good introduction to Social informatics.^[1]

• 7The Politics of the Internet I: Computer Networks, Civil Society, and the State
• 8The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace

Overview[edit]

The book contains 9 chapters. Castells starts with the history of Internet, focuses on the process of Internet evolution influence our society. He emphasizes the development of Internet from 1962 to 1995, the extension from ARPANET to WWW.

Castells believes that 'The openness of the Internet's architecture was the source of its main strength'.^[2] Then he states that the 'Internet Culture' is structured by four kinds of culture including: 'the techno-meritocratic culture', 'the hacker culture', 'the virtual communication culture', and 'the entrepreneurial culture'.^[3]

Next, Castells analyses the vital status of Internet in the business and economy fields, and he refers to the impact of virtual communication which is based on the Internet communication to the reality in the following chapter. In terms of the Politics of the Internet, Castells points that 'social movement' and 'the political process' use Internet as a new communication medium to 'acting' and 'informing'. And there is an issue between 'Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace' relates to 'the politics of the Internet' is mentioned in this book.

In the last three chapters, Castells analyses the Internet from multimedia, geography and 'the digital divide in a global perspective'. Finally, he talks about the challenges of the network society such as freedom of the Internet.

Opening: The Network is the Message[edit]

The title used for the preface or introductory text is called 'Opening' and the name given to this Opening is 'The Network is the Message'. It is a mimicry of Marshall McLuhan's famous slogan 'The medium is the message'. By substituting network for medium, Castells reinforces McLuhan's message that, in this case, it is the network which is important not the content.^[4] The opening may then be seen to be an invitation to explore the meaning of network via the content of the book. The word network itself is of ambiguous interpretation: infrastructure or society?^[5] Both interpretations are at play in the book. Since Castells is by profession a sociologist, then one expects a focus on network as society.

Lessons from the History of the Internet[edit]

Castells introduces the label ″Libertarian″ to characterize all those who participated with 'big science' and 'military research' in bringing the Internet into being.^[6]The history of the Internet is diverse and well documented. Castells makes considerable use of John Naughton's text, 'A Brief History of the Future', who noted for example that the Request for Comment Feature (RFC), introduced by Steve Crocker in 1969-04-07,^[7] not only gave rise to a de facto documenting of the research ideas at the time of their fermenting but also to the Open Source movement.^[8] Castells gives his own take on the subject. Ultimately, for him, the Internet is a cultural creation.

The Culture of the Internet[edit]

'The culture of the Internet is a culture made upof a technocratic belief in the progress of humansthrough technology, enacted by communities of hackersthriving on free and open technological creativity,embedded in virtual networks aimed at reinventingsociety, and materialized by money-driven entrepreneurs intothe workings of the new economy.'^[9]

It is important to take note of how Castells understands and uses the word Network.For him, the network is a word that often has connotations of community. So, when he speaks of virtual networks he is not (necessarily) speaking of virtual networks in the technological sense but in the community sense of people networking.

e-Business and the New Economy[edit]

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'But markets also react to macro-economic conditions, and to policy decisions—or to their anticipation. Or to the disparity between the anticipation and the actual event. Markets react as well on the basis of non-economic criteria. These are influenced by what I call informationTurbulences from various sources, such as political uncertainty... technological anticipations... or even personal moods or statements from key decision-makers...'^[10]

Virtual Communities or Network Society?[edit]

'In contrast with the notorious cartoon published byThe New Yorker in the pre-history of on-line communication,on the Internet you better make surethat everyone knows that you are a dog, and not a cat,or you will find yourself immersed in the intimate world of cats.Because on the Internet, you are what you say you are,as it is on the basis of this expectation that a networkof social interaction is constructed over time.'^[11]

The Politics of the Internet I: Computer Networks, Civil Society, and the State[edit]

'In this context [of a world dominated by homogeneous, global information flows], communication of values, mobilization around meaning, become fundamental. Cultural movements... are built around communication—essentially the Internet and the media... to affect the consciousness of society as a whole.'^[12]

Networked Social Movements[edit]

Castells shows how the Internet has been used for mobilizing people to support certain kinds of political, religious, or other social causes:^[13]

• the Zapatista movement in Chiapas, Mexico
• the Falun Gong movement, leader Li Hongzhi in New York
• the Direct Action Network in Seattle

The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace[edit]

'Unless governments stop fearing their people, and therefore the Internet,society will resort once again to the barricades to defend freedom and this will mark a stunning historical continuity.'^[14]

This is that chapter of the book which one must read in the context of the pre-9/11 world.

The End of Privacy[edit]

Castells mentions a few official programs of governments:^[15]

• the Echelon program of the US/UK
• the FBI Carnivore program
• the 'FBI Digital Storm'^[16]

Multimedia and the Internet: The Hypertext beyond Convergence[edit]

'Human culture only exists in and by human minds,usually connected to human bodies.Therefore, if our minds have the material capabilityto access the whole realm of cultural expressions—select them,recombine them—we do have a hypertext: the hypertext is inside us.'^[17]

The Geography of the Internet: Networked Places[edit]

Castells The Internet Galaxy Pdf Reader

'Cities are faced with a challenge... It follows that public space and monumentality (museums, cultural centers, public art, architectural icons) will play a key role in marking space, and facilitating meaningful interaction.'^[18]

There are different ways in which to picture the geography of the Internet.The picture of the graph on the cover of the book^[19] resembles that of Matt Britt shown on the right.

The Digital Divide in a Global Perspective[edit]

'Education, information, science, and technologybecome the critical sources of value creationin the Internet-based economy.Educational, informational, and technological resources arecharacterized by extremely uneven distribution throughout the world(UNESCO, 1999).'^[20]

Conclusion: The Challenges of the Network Society[edit]

'I imagine one could say: ″Why don't you leave me alone?!I want no part of your Internet, of your technological civilization, of your network society! I just want to live my life!″...'^[21]

e-Links[edit]

One of the significant features of the book (published in 2001 beforethe September 11 attacks and around the time of thedot-com bubble) is theinclusion of the e-Links section at the end of every chapter. Each e-Link is given as a URL, followed by a short text of one or two lines to describe the content. For example, at the end of Chapter 6 'The Politics of the Internet II: Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace', a collection of 4 e-Links is given:

• cnetdownload.com
• junkbusters.com
• silentsurf.com
• anonymizer.com

and the short explanatory text following is 'Websites providing technological resources to protect privacy.'

There is one major flaw associated with the e-Links. None of the e-Links in The Internet Galaxy provide 'the date of last access'.

Notes[edit]

1. ^Social informatics is defined to be the body of research about information technologies in social contexts. Kling 2002.
2. ^Castells 2001, p.27
3. ^Castells 2001, p.37
4. ^In this sense the network is just like the lightbulb. See the Heritage Minute on McLuhan.
5. ^See Martin Weller's account on the subject.
6. ^Castells 2001, p17
7. ^This can be retrieved by typing 0001 into the box on the IETF RFC page.
8. ^Naughton 2000, p135-38.
9. ^Castells 2001, p61.It is important to note that Castells uses the term hackerin a very old and revered sense.
10. ^Castells 2001, p86. In the text (2001), Castells names Greenspan and Duisenberg as key decision-makers. For technological anticipations, he suggested the demise of the PC or the rise of the mobile internet. And the ellipsis in the quote covers the anti-trust law suit against Microsoft, at the time.
11. ^Castells 2001, p130.
12. ^Castells 2001, p140.
13. ^Castells 2001, p138-39.
14. ^Castells 2001, p185.
15. ^Castells 2001, p176.
16. ^Ryan Singel, 'Point, Click ... Eavesdrop: How the FBI Wiretap Net Operates', Wired, 2007-08-29. See also Digital Storm on History Commons
17. ^Castells 2001, p202.
18. ^Castells 2001, p237
19. ^The graph was produced by William Cheswick and Hal Burch. Both Cheswick and Burch were at Bell Labs at the time. The map illustrates the topography of the Internet based on trace routes in January 2000. Castells 2001, p208.
20. ^Castells 2001, p266.
21. ^Castells 2001, p282.

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External references[edit]

1. StudyPlace wiki (date of last access: 2008-09-11)
2. David Birch, Second Sight, The Guardian, Thursday November 4, 2004; (date of last access: 2008-09-15)
3. Heritage Minute account of enactment of the discovery of The Medium is the Message (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
4. Martin Weller, The Network is the Message, the Open University, 2005-12-15. (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
5. Hal Burch and Bill Cheswick. Software developers of the Internet map used as book cover illustration. Internet Mapping Project (date of last access: 2008-09-16)
6. Rob Kling, Review of The Internet Galaxy, Academe Online July–August 2002. (date of last access: 2008-09-23).
7. Naughton, John (2000), A brief history of the future, London: Phoenix, ISBN0-7538-1093-X, OCLC44154042, OCLC59577773
8. IETF Request for Comments (RFC). (date of last access: 2008-09-23)